Mandatory bicycle helmet law
in Western Australia

Analysis of results in Western Australia suggests the helmet legislation has:

• increased cyclist hospital admissions

• lessened the popularity of cycling

• damaged public health

The legislation has been enforced in Western Australia for 15 years - a timescale providing abundant data to analyse the effect of an all-age mandatory bicycle helmet law.

Government data shows an increase in cyclist hospital admissions and total injuries despite also showing fewer people cycling on West Australian roads during most of the 1990s - a downturn in public recreational exercise with further negative consequences for community health and safety.

• Summary
• Western Australia cyclist injuries
• Western Australia cyclist numbers
• Injury severity
• Helmet research
• Helmet research before law
• Government deceit
• Different Australian States
• Helmet laws in New Zealand
• Helmet laws in Canada
• Helmet laws in England
• Australia's health crisis
• Australia's obesity crisis
• Child cycling
• Bicycle accidents 1987-1996
• Social impact
• Prison penalties
• Football helmets
• WA cyclist fatalities
• Web links
• Contact

Summary

Surveys show Western Australia's mandatory helmet legislation reduced public cycling numbers by at least 30%, yet total hospitalised cyclist injuries did not decline at all. The reduction in head injury numbers was marginal. West Australian cyclist numbers recovered in the decade to 2000 but hospital admissions have been at record levels since 1997, roughly 30% above pre-law levels by 2000. In essence, the results strongly suggest that the mandatory wearing of helmets increases the risk of accidents and thus injuries.

As reported in March 2007 and based on data from Western Australia, Queensland and Victoria, the number of Australian children walking or riding a bicycle to school has plunged from about 80% in 1977 to the current level around 5%. The data on this website and on this page confirms that in Western Australia, the massive decline in cycling (and children's health and safety) began in 1991 when the helmet law was enacted.

In March 2006, the British Medical Journal published Do enforced bicycle helmet laws improve public health? (or PDF 140kb) by Professor Dorothy Robinson, senior statistician at the University of New England in New South Wales. The study concludes from worldwide data that any reductions in head injury following enactment of mandatory bicycle helmet laws is due to the consequent reduction in numbers of cyclists on the road, not because of injury-prevention benefits afforded by helmets. The BMJ has also published a critique of the Robinson article (PDF 100kb).

Although the BMJ article cites WA's poor legislative results and was reported by the local media, the WA Government has declared it will not review its bicycle helmet legislation.

In early 2005, the prestigious international peer-review journal Accident Analysis and Prevention published a paper (PDF 68kb) disproving the conclusions of most international case control studies since 1989 that have been used to justify the mandatory wearing of bicycle helmets.

There are various reasons why mandatory helmet wearing increases cyclist risk, including research published in September 2006 by Bath University in the UK suggesting that "bicyclists who wear protective helmets are more likely to be struck by passing vehicles" (also see New York Times). Other causes include a doubling of the head size likely to make impact, rotational brain injury and risk compensation.

All evidence shows that mandatory bicycle helmet laws discourage one of society's most popular, regular and beneficial activities involving healthy recreational exercise - that is, riding a bicycle. Click here or here for evidence of reduced cycling, or read the March 2005 issue of the Health Promotion Journal of Australia (PDF 88kb). Alternatively, read about it in the Sydney Morning Herald (April 28 2005).

Australia is suffering an obesity health crisis caused by its increasingly sedentary lifestyle, with reports in 2008 that the average Australian lifespan will fall by two years (click here for press clippings or read an ABC radio interview about Australia's obesity crisis recorded in February 2005).

Australian obesity rates have doubled since bicycle helmet law enactment at the beginning of the 1990s and Australia is now ranked as the second fattest nation on earth. Obesity is linked to various ailments including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and reduced quality/duration of life.

The lifespan of Australians is falling because they are becoming increasingly fat, yet its citizens are punished if they want to enjoy regular exercise without wearing a hot, uncomfortable, inconvenient helmet that is proven to increase their risk of accident and injury.

Cyclist numbers vs cyclist injuries in Western Australia

The introduction of mandatory helmet legislation in 1992 heralded a major downturn in cyclist numbers (approximately <30%) on West Australian roads by 1996.

Despite this, the number of cyclist hospital admissions per annum increased after 1992 helmet law enforcement to consecutive record levels. The increase in hospital admissions was in line with the recovery in cyclist numbers to pre-law levels by 1998/99.

In 1997, a record 754 WA cyclists were hospitalised and 20% of seriously injured road users were cyclists. The previous hospital admissions record was 735 in 1991, the year the law was enacted. Before 1991, when there were more cyclists on West Australian roads, an average 642 cyclists were admitted to hospital each year.

In 1998, a new West Australian cyclist injury record was established when 850 people were hospitalised... 10% more than 1997.

In 1999, a total of 862 West Australian cyclists were hospitalised - another record despite cyclist road numbers similar to pre-law levels. In 1999, cyclists comprised 23.6% of all serious road crash hospital admissions - up from 17% when bicycle helmet laws were first enacted.

In 2000, there were 913 cyclists admitted to WA hospitals - another record and about 30% more than the pre-law average. Cyclists comprised 25.9% of all serious road crash hospital admissions in 2000, almost equalling car drivers as the predominant road user group admitted to hospital.

Hospital Admissions Data: Number and Percentage of Cyclists Admitted, Western Australia, 1987-2000 (single years) (Source: Bicycle Crashes and Injuries in Western Australia, 1987-2000 - Road Safety report RR131 (PDF 840kb) commissioned by Road Safety Council, dated November 2003 and authored by Lynn B. Meuleners, Arem L. Gavin, L. Rina Cercarelli and Delia Hendrie)

The law was not introduced in Western Australia for medical reasons. Instead, a Senate road safety committee in Canberra threatened to withdraw Black Spot road funding from any Australian state that did not enact helmet laws.

No medical or other research data was used by any Australian state government to justify drafting and gazettal of the law. The main research available at that time in Western Australia is here.

A cursory glance at statistics suggests that bicycle helmet wearing resulted in a marginal reduction in skull and intracranial injuries as a proportion of WA's total hospitalised cyclists. However, as shown in the following graph, this proportional reduction went hand in hand with a substantial increase in the overall number of cyclist injuries:

Research from Bicycle Crashes and Injuries in Western Australia - Road Safety report RR60 commissioned by Main Roads WA, RoadWatch and UWA, dated March 1998 and authored by Delia Hendrie, Carol Kirov and Susie Gibbs

As illustrated in the above graph, overall injuries increased substantially in 1993, the year after bicycle helmets became mandatory in Western Australia. This graph should be compared with the cyclist number graph. By 1995, head injuries had surpassed the 1991 level. However, by 1995 the number of people riding bicycles in WA was between 30% and 40% less than in 1991, as demonstrated by government cyclist surveys, and later on this page... 1, 2.

The dramatic increase in WA hospital admissions may be partly due to a change in the injury coding system introduced by the WA Health Department in 1992. However, the Health Department states here that:

"Although helmet legislation has undoubtedly increased helmet-wearing rates in Australian cyclists, it has also been associated with decreased bicycle usage in some cyclist sub-groups (Finch et al, 1993b; Marshall & White, 1994). Furthermore, some hospital admission practices have changed since the introduction of the helmet legislation. For example, patients presenting to emergency departments with short episodes of concussion are no longer routinely admitted to hospital for observation. The introduction of case-mix funding may also have affected admission rates. Thus, it is difficult to conclude from preliminary studies that reduced bicycle injury numbers (more precisely head injuries) are a direct result of the helmet legislation."

The above graph would indicate a major change occurred within cyclist behaviour and accident patterns during 92/93.

There was a sharp rise in Perth cycling popularity during 1998/00, official figures showing the number of cyclists on Perth roads was slightly more than in 1991.

It should be noted that the West Australian population increased by about 15% during this time and petrol prices rose by more than 30%.

It should also be noted that Australian Bureau of Statistics figures released in June 2002 confirm that the residential population of Perth's Central Business District - the region in which most cyclist surveys are conducted - increased by 33% between 1996 and 2001.

Fifteen years after law enforcement, it is difficult to gauge how many West Australians are discouraged from cycling by the bicycle helmet legislation.

Anecdotal and survey evidence suggests a continuing resentment toward the law in the new millennium, and it is relevant to consider the law's impact on cycling popularity during the first ten years of enforcement:

NOTE: Western Australia has a population of approximately 2 million. The capital city of Perth has a population of approx 1.5 million (2006). The Causeway and the Narrows are the two main entry points to the city from the eastern and southern metropolitan sectors. Both the Narrows and the Causeway are bridges spanning the broad Swan River, creating accurate and focused survey points to count cyclist numbers. There is an alternative river crossing about 2.5km north of the Causeway, no bridge crossings between the Causeway and the Narrows, and no alternative crossings south or west of the Narrows Bridge.

Daily surveys conducted by the government's road department on the Narrows and the Causeway show that during the nine months prior to bicycle helmet law enforcement on July 1, 1992, the monthly averages of daytime trips across these two river bridges added up to 17,180 cyclists.

During the nine months to July 1, 1998, they added up to approximately 14,600 cyclists. This equates to a 15% reduction in cyclist numbers over six years, despite an increase in Western Australia's population of more than 210,000 people since 1991.

If just half this 15% population increase is factored into the decline, it can be estimated that approximately 22% less people were riding bicycles in 1998 compared to 1991 - that is, one out of every five potential cyclists had either stopped riding altogether or was riding less frequently.

The following government survey figures are sourced to Main Roads WA data:

The average daily number of cyclists on the Narrows Bridge from October 1991 till law enforcement in July 1992 was 1064. This nine month average (October-June) fell to 926 per day in 92/93, 874 in 93/94, 752 in 94/95, 767 in 95/96, 986 in 96/97, 899 in 97/98, and 1391 in 98/99.

Four day comparisons conducted by Main Roads WA in October 1991 and October 1992 showed a 37% reduction in cyclists on the Narrows and Causeway combined. Sunday cycling was down by 57%.

Between September 1983 and December 1989, Perth enjoyed a 10% annual growth in personal bicycle trips. By 1994 - two years after enforcement of the bicycle helmet law - the total number of recreational cyclists had fallen by almost 50%.

In December 1991, 10,596 bikes were counted on the Causeway on weekends; December 1992 - 6719; December 1993 - 5295; December 1994 - 4564. This was down from a mean daily count of 1177 in December 1991 to a mean of 507 in December 1994... a reduction of approximately 57%.

In December 1991, 11,406 bikes were counted on the Narrows on weekends; December 1992 - 4526; December 1993 - 6507; December 1994 - 6863. This was down from a mean daily count of 1267 in December 1991 to a mean of 762 in December 1994... a reduction of approximately 40%.

In December 1991, 33,828 bikes were counted on the Causeway on all days; December 1992 - 26,227; December 1993 - 22,772; December 1994 - 18,101; December 1997 - 24,856. This was down from a mean daily count of 1091 in December 1991 to a mean of 802 in December 1997... a reduction of approximately 27%.

In December 1991, 35,122 bikes were counted on the Narrows on all days; December 1992 - 20,581; December 93 - 29,506; December 1994 - 27,216; December 1997 - 32,408. This was down from a mean daily count of 1132 in December 1991 to a mean of 1045 in December 1997... a reduction of approximately 8%.

Time scale figures for other metro sites are scarce. However, a Main Roads WA government survey on Mitchell Freeway north of Powis St in November 1991 showed an average 179 cyclists per workday. In November 1998 the average was 79.

Surveys in October/November 1991 at the Mitchell Freeway site north of Powis St showed the workday averages during the surveyed weeks at 202, 230, 207 and 226 cyclists. The average for October 1998 was 61 per day. The Annual Average Weekday Cycling flow for 2003 on the Mitchell Freeway cycle path north of Scarborough Beach Rd was 265.

The opening of a northern railway and widening of the freeway during intervening years would influence these figures. However, they suggest cyclist numbers fell dramatically after the bicycle helmet law was introduced with the increase in numbers since 1998 compensating for that fall.

Much of Perth's 15% population increase (210,000 people) between 1991 and 1998 was concentrated in the northern suburbs.

Click the graph above for a full statistical breakdown of annual cyclist numbers

The graph above was researched and published by the West Australian Government's road department, Main Roads WA. This graph should be compared with the injury graph.

The website of the Health Department of Western Australia shows that the number of hospital admissions for bicycle crash injuries went from 1,942 in 1990-1992 to 1,937 in 1993-1995 and 2319 in 1996-1998.

In 1999 and 2000, the total was 1775 - almost as much as the three years before the law.

Western Australia cyclist injuries      Western Australia cyclist numbers      Helmet research

Helmet research before law      Different Australian States      Helmet law in New Zealand

Helmet law in Canada      Helmet law in England      Australia's health crisis

Australia's obesity crisis      Child cycling      Bicycle accidents 1987-1996      Social impact

Second-hand helmets      Prison penalties      Injury severity      Football helmets

Government deceit      Cyclist fatalities      Web links      Contact